Rock damage and regolith transport by frost: an example of climate modulation of the geomorphology of the critical zone     

Robert S. Anderson  Suzanne P. Anderson  Gregory E. Tucker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(3):299-316

In this article we craft process‐specific algorithms that capture climate control of hillslope evolution in order to elucidate the legacy of past climate on present critical zone architecture and topography. Models of hillslope evolution traditionally comprise rock detachment into the mobile layer, mobile regolith transport, and a channel incision or aggradation boundary condition. We extend this system into the deep critical zone by considering a weathering damage zone below the mobile regolith in which rock strength is diminished; the degree of damage conditions the rate of mobile regolith production. We first discuss generic damage profiles in which appropriate length and damage scales govern profile shapes, and examine their dependence upon exhumation rate. We then introduce climate control through the example of rock damage by frost‐generated crack growth. We augment existing frost cracking models by incorporating damage rate limitations for long transport distances for water to the freezing front. Finally we link the frost cracking damage model, a mobile regolith production rule in which rock entrainment is conditioned by the damage state of the rock, and a frost creep transport model, to examine the evolution of an interfluve under oscillating climate. Aspect‐related differences in mean annual surface temperatures result in differences in bedrock damage rate and mobile regolith transport efficiency, which in turn lead to asymmetries in critical zone architecture and hillslope form (divide migration). In a quasi‐steady state hillslope, the lowering rate is uniform, and the damage profile is better developed on north‐facing slopes where the frost damage process is most intense. Because the residence times of mobile regolith and weathered bedrock in such landscapes are on the order of 10 to 100 ka, climate cycles over similar timescales result in modulation of transport and damage efficiencies. These lead to temporal variation in mobile regolith thickness, and to corresponding changes in sediment delivery to bounding streams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Introducing environmental thresholds into water withdrawal management of mountain streams in the Kura River basin,Azerbaijan     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1068-1078

Abstract

The study aims to set and implement environmentally relevant limits for the exploitation of mountain streams in the Kura River basin of Azerbaijan. Such streams represent the preferred spawning grounds for valuable sturgeon of the Caspian Sea, but experience continuously increasing exploitation in the form of water withdrawals for industry and irrigation. Since no detailed environmental flow assessments have been conducted on any of the Kura basin streams, an interim approach is suggested based on minimum flow, referred to as “base environmental minimum”. The latter may be estimated from the unregulated parts of observed or simulated daily flow records. Environmental flow requirements for individual months of an individual year may be calculated using correction factors related to monthly rainfall. Simple relationships are suggested for base environmental flow estimation at ungauged sites, and the implications of river pollution for monthly environmental requirements are examined. Further, definition of environmentally critical periods in a stream is proposed based on a ratio of observed to “environmental” flow as an indicator of environmental stress. It is illustrated that the conjunctive use of several closely located streams for water supply may significantly reduce the duration of, or completely eliminate, environmentally critical periods. The idea of environmentally acceptable areal water withdrawal is formulated, so that the overall approach may be applied for environmentally sustainable water withdrawal management in other small streams.  相似文献   

Where fast weathering creates thin regolith and slow weathering creates thick regolith     

Ekaterina Bazilevskaya  Marina Lebedeva  Milan Pavich  Gernot Rother  Dilworth Y. Parkinson  David Cole  Susan L. Brantley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(8):847-858

Weathering disaggregates rock into regolith – the fractured or granular earth material that sustains life on the continental land surface. Here, we investigate what controls the depth of regolith formed on ridges of two rock compositions with similar initial porosities in Virginia (USA). A priori, we predicted that the regolith on diabase would be thicker than on granite because the dominant mineral (feldspar) in the diabase weathers faster than its granitic counterpart. However, weathering advanced 20× deeper into the granite than the diabase. The 20 × ‐thicker regolith is attributed mainly to connected micron‐sized pores, microfractures formed around oxidizing biotite at 20 m depth, and the lower iron (Fe) content in the felsic rock. Such porosity allows pervasive advection and deep oxidation in the granite. These observations may explain why regolith worldwide is thicker on felsic compared to mafic rock under similar conditions. To understand regolith formation will require better understanding of such deep oxidation reactions and how they impact fluid flow during weathering. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The effect of confining boundary on soil deformation in one dimensional frost heave tests and the theoretical volume correction     

XueWen Zhao  Xu Li  JianKun Liu  Yu Zhang 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(5):0587-0590

Frost heave is one of the major complications in highway construction in cold regions. Laboratory experiments are im-portant in the study frost heave behavior of soils, and one-dimensional frost heave ...  相似文献   

An experimental study on the relationship between acoustic parameters and mechanical properties of frozen silty clay   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xing Huang  DongQing Li  Feng Ming  JianHong Fang 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(5):0596-0602

To study the influence of temperature and water content on ultrasonic wave velocity and to establish the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength, ultrasonic tests were conducted to frozen silty clay by using RSM-SY5(T) nonmetal supersonic test meter, and the tensile strength and compressive strength of silty clay were measured under various negative temperatures. Test and analysis results indicate that, ultrasonic wave velocity rapidly changes in the temperature range of 1 °C to 5 °C. Ultrasonic wave velocity increased with an increase of water content until the water content reached the critical water content, while decreased with an increase of water content after the water content exceeded the critical water content. This study showed that there was strong positive correlation between the ultrasonic wave velocity and the frozen soil strength. As ultrasonic wave velocity increased, either tensile strength or compressive strength increased. Based on the experimental data, the relationship between ultrasonic wave velocity and frozen silty clay strength was obtained through regression analysis. It was found that the ultrasonic test technique can be used to test frozen soils and lay the foundation for the determination of frozen soil strength.  相似文献   

Analysis of the critical pool level of partially submerged slopes     

Wei Wang  D.V. Griffiths 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(3):405-417

Partially submerged c^′ − φ^′ slopes with a horizontal water table exhibit a critical pool level at which the factor of safety becomes a minimum. The phenomenon was first identified using finite element methods, but in this paper, a more thorough analytical investigation is presented. The approach described herein assumes a rigid block sliding with a circular failure mechanism, combined with optimization software to identify the critical circle. The method is initially validated against known slope solutions that assume circular and log-spiral mechanisms and shown to give excellent agreement, especially for flatter slopes. The method is then applied to partially submerged slopes with a focus on the critical pool level. Through detailed investigation of the overturning and restoring moments in the stability analyses, the critical pool level phenomenon is shown to lie in the trade-off between the destabilizing effects of internal pore pressures on soil strength and the stabilizing effect of external hydrostatic water pressures on the slope surface.  相似文献   

Women on wheels: Gender and cycling in Solo,Indonesia     

Lily Song  Mariel Kirschen  John Taylor 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2019,40(1):140-157

This paper explores the question of how to promote cycling among women who face disproportionate mobility and accessibility barriers in rapidly urbanizing contexts by analyzing empirical findings from a multi‐method research study based in Solo, Indonesia. Building on and applying a combination of critical gender, geography, and development perspectives, it focuses on the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of women residing in low‐income neighbourhoods with little access to public transportation networks in Solo as an ‘indicator species for bike‐friendly cities’. Based on research and analytic findings, the paper further contemplates alternative policy and planning approaches to promoting cycling in more gender‐inclusive and responsive terms.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution of supraglacial debris thickness on glaciers of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and surroundings     

YaJie Zheng  Yong Zhang  Ju Gu  Xin Wang  ZongLi Jiang  JunFeng Wei 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):447-460

Debris-covered glaciers, characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones, are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and surroundings. For these glaciers, thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice, while thick debris layers retard ice melting, called debris-cover effect. Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear, making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect. In this study, thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0% of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers, on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km², accounting for 14.0% of the total glacier area of the study region. We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region, as well as the debris-cover effect. 53.3% of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram, followed by Pamir with 30.2% of the total debris-covered area. As revealed by the thermal resistance, the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average, with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W), followed by Karakoram, while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W). Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debris-covered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.  相似文献   

海洋温差能发电装置中冷水管动力性能分析     

司东洋  吕海宁  陈刚  肖龙飞 《海洋工程》2019,37(3):120-127

不考虑波浪、海流以及平台运动的作用,研究管内流动对冷水管动力性能的影响。基于悬臂输液管道梁模型,通过轴向流速比α、流速角比ψ和切向流速比φ三个进流口流场参数描述自由端边界条件,获得冷水管在内流作用下的控制方程。从流体动力项对管道做功的角度分析发现,φ对管道失稳的临界流速有很大的影响,并且φ=0被认为是对进流口流场的正确描述;然而,通过Galerkin法分析发现,φ=0的进流口流场模型不能解释进流口压降Δp对动态失稳基本没有影响的试验现象。相反,φ≠0的进流口流场模型在使得进流口压降Δp的影响几乎为零的同时,还能够获得较大的临界流速,与Kuiper观察的试验现象相符。切向流速比φ的正确评估是准确预测临界流速的前提条件。  相似文献   

Bayesian model selection for sand with generalization ability evaluation     

Yin-Fu Jin  Zhen-Yu Yin  Wan-Huan Zhou  Jian-Fu Shao 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(14):2305-2327

Current studies have focused on selecting constitutive models using optimization methods or selecting simple formulas or models using Bayesian methods. In contrast, this paper deals with the challenge to propose an effective Bayesian-based selection method for advanced soil models accounting for the soil uncertainty. Four representative critical state-based advanced sand models are chosen as database of constitutive model. Triaxial tests on Hostun sand are selected as training and testing data. The Bayesian method is enhanced based on transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo method, whereby the generalization ability for each model is simultaneously evaluated, for the model selection. The most plausible/suitable model in terms of predictive ability, generalization ability, and model complexity is selected using training data. The performance of the method is then validated by testing data. Finally, a series of drained triaxial tests on Karlsruhe sand is used for further evaluating the performance.  相似文献